·建于1878年的開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局天津辦事處

在洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)中，直隸總督兼北洋大臣李鴻章，在辦理軍事工業(yè)的同時(shí)，也興辦民用工業(yè)?；I謀在華北開(kāi)采煤礦，就是洋務(wù)派興辦民用工業(yè)的重要項(xiàng)目。清光緒二年(1876),李鴻章派輪船招商局總辦唐廷樞赴直隸 (今河北)開(kāi)平一帶堪察礦情。唐廷樞堪察后奏報(bào)說(shuō)： “此地鐵石隨山根而生，連綿四五十里……取之無(wú)窮。”
唐廷樞 (1832—1892),字景星，廣東香山(今中山市)人。香港馬禮遜學(xué)堂肄業(yè)； 咸豐元年 (1851)至咸豐七年 (1857),任香港巡禮廳和大審判院譯員； 咸豐八年(1858)任職上海海關(guān)，曾任總翻譯； 咸豐十一年(1861)任怡和洋行買辦，兩年后，接任該行總買辦； 同時(shí)任上海茶葉公所和絲業(yè)公所董事； 同治十一年(1872)入股怡和輪船公司，并任董事； 轉(zhuǎn)年，受李鴻章委派為輪船招商局總辦； 光緒二年(1876),受命堪察開(kāi)平礦情；轉(zhuǎn)年，任開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局督辦，籌辦該局。
開(kāi)平煤礦起初原擬官辦，因清政府財(cái)政支絀，才改為官督商辦。光緒三年(1877)九月，籌辦中的開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局?jǐn)M定了招商章程十二條。轉(zhuǎn)年，也就是光緒四年(1878)六月二十五日，李鴻章命唐廷樞在天津正式創(chuàng)辦開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局，局址設(shè)在海大道 (今大沽路)。它所經(jīng)營(yíng)的開(kāi)平煤礦，就是現(xiàn)在開(kāi)灤煤礦的一個(gè)組成部分。這是我國(guó)最早使用機(jī)器開(kāi)采的一個(gè)大型煤礦。
開(kāi)平煤礦位于今河北省唐山市灤縣的開(kāi)平鎮(zhèn)西南，早在明代，當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窬鸵验_(kāi)采。開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局建立后，奏請(qǐng)清政府批準(zhǔn)，在開(kāi)平周圍十里以內(nèi)，不準(zhǔn)民間再行開(kāi)采； 同時(shí)得到減輕原煤出口稅的優(yōu)待。
開(kāi)平煤礦是中國(guó)最早的現(xiàn)代化股份制企業(yè)之一。礦務(wù)局成立的當(dāng)年，計(jì)劃招股80萬(wàn)兩，實(shí)際上招到了20余萬(wàn)兩； 光緒六年(1880),籌集到30萬(wàn)兩； 到光緒七年(1881)開(kāi)始出煤以后，投資者大增，僅在上海便籌集私人股金100多萬(wàn)兩，官僚盛宣懷也收買礦務(wù)局股票二百五六十股。私人投資的增加，使開(kāi)平股票價(jià)格不斷上漲。
開(kāi)平煤礦雇用英國(guó)人巴賴為礦師，從國(guó)外購(gòu)買機(jī)器，用新式方法開(kāi)采。先開(kāi)唐山煤礦，接著又開(kāi)林西煤礦。光緒七年(1881),開(kāi)始出煤。產(chǎn)量質(zhì)量逐年提高。《津門雜記》記載： “仿洋法以機(jī)器開(kāi)掘煤礦，所出煤斤，極為精美，可與洋煤并駕齊驅(qū)。價(jià)值又廉，銷路又廣。況章程頗善，機(jī)器甚精?！?br>開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局又在東沽、天津、上海、煙臺(tái)、香港、廣東建筑碼頭，制造輪船。而且又開(kāi)新河達(dá)天津鐵路一條，規(guī)模大廓，氣象一新，運(yùn)煤之火輪車絡(luò)繹于途，蕭瑟荒村，成為大市落。
為了運(yùn)輸方便，在開(kāi)平運(yùn)煤河，每隔10里建橋一座，共修建了10座橋梁，由唐廷樞觀察確定，由李鴻章定名。
開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局所產(chǎn)原煤，除了首先供給李鴻章管轄的北洋水師、天津機(jī)器局、輪船招商局，以及上海江南制造局等用煤之外，還大量投放市場(chǎng)，兼顧內(nèi)地民間用煤，獲利較多。它是洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)中全國(guó)新式礦業(yè)中規(guī)模較大、辦得有成效的一個(gè)，并為天津等新式工業(yè)的發(fā)展，提供了燃料資源； 甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前，洋務(wù)派所辦的新式煤礦大都失敗了，只有開(kāi)平礦務(wù)局維持下來(lái)。
由于開(kāi)平煤礦蘊(yùn)藏豐富，煤質(zhì)優(yōu)良，利潤(rùn)豐厚，一直為外國(guó)侵略者所覬覦。光緒二十六年(1900),庚子事變期間，曾于光緒二十五年(1899)來(lái)到天津、任開(kāi)平煤礦工程師、并是墨林公司在華代表的胡佛(1929～1933年，美國(guó)第三十一任總統(tǒng)) ,勾結(jié)德璀琳，用 “移交契約”一紙空文，從開(kāi)平煤礦督辦張翼手中，騙取了開(kāi)平煤礦及其下屬的唐山細(xì)棉土廠。開(kāi)平煤礦被英商所騙占。
光緒三十三年(1907),周學(xué)熙開(kāi)辦了官督商辦的灤州煤礦公司，并在1912年(民國(guó)元年)6月1日，開(kāi)平與灤州兩礦合并合同，在天津正式簽字； 7月1日，在天津成立了中英合辦的開(kāi)灤礦務(wù)總局。并收回唐山細(xì)棉土廠，開(kāi)辦了唐山啟新洋灰公司。
During the Westernization Movement,Li Hongzhang,Governor-General of Zhili and the Beiyang Minister,not only initiated military industries but also launchedcivil business. One of the civil business projects wasto exploit mines in the North of China. In 1876,LiHongzhang sent Tang Tingshu,head of Tianjin ChinaMerchants Steam Navigation Company,to Kaiping inZhili for survey. After the survey,Tang reported to Lithat "iron ore was enormous along the mountains forabout 40-50 li".
Tang (1832-1892),also named Jingxing,was bornin Xiangshan (now Zhongshan city) of GuangdongProvince and graduated from Hong Kong MorrisonSchool. From 1851-1857,he served as an interpreterfor Hong Kong Ciruit and Supreme Court; chiefinterpreter for Shanghai Customs in 1858;comprador ofYihe Yanghang in 1861; the director of Yihe ShippingCompany in 1872; chief comprador of Yihe Yanghangin 1863; the director of Shanghai Tea Company and SilkCompany in 1873; head of Shipping Investment InvitingBureau; chief surveyer of Kaiping Coal Mine Bureau in1876; and Director of Kaiping Coal Mining Bureau in1877.
The Kaiping Coal Mine was first run by thegovernment and then changed into commercial operationunder the supervision of the government due to moneyshortage in Qing Dynasty. In September 1877,thepreparatory Kaiping Coal Mining Bureau drew out 12rules for investment. On June 25,1878,Li Hongzhangappointed Tang Tingshu to launch the Kaiping CoalMining Bureau,located at Zaihai Street (Dagu Road).The Kaiping Coal Mine was part of today`s KailuanCoal Mine. The coal mine was the first large collierydug by machinery in China.
The Kaiping Coal Mine was located in the south-west of Kaiping Township,Luanxian County,Tangshanin Hebei Province. Local people began to dig coalin Ming Dynasty. With the approval from the QingGovernment,the Kaiping Coal Mining Bureau had gotthe exclusive right of exploration. At the same time,local residents were not allowed to dig coal any longerand the bureau was also exempted from export taxation.
The Kaiping Coal Mine was the first moderncorporate enterprise in Chinese history. In the year of itsestablishment,it had planned to raise 800,000 taels ofsilver but actually raised 200,000 taels. In 1880,it raisedanother 300,000 taels of fund. After the coal mine wentinto operation in 1881,more investors joined in. Forexample,investment from Shanghai surpassed 1 milliontaels and businessman Sheng Xuanhuai bought someshares of the mine. The increasing private investmentraised the price of Kaiping stocks.

·灤州礦股票

The Kaiping Coal Mining Bureau hired a technicianfrom the UK. It also bought machines from abroadto dig coal. In 1881,coal was unearthed from the pit.According to the Tianjin Annals,"the quality of thecoal unearthed is as good as imported coal but its priceis cheaper. Both the management and equipment of thebureau was good."
Moreover,the Kaiping Coal Mining Bureau builtports and manufactured ships in Donggu,Tianjin,Shanghai,Yantai,Hong Kong and Guangdong. It alsodug a canal to Tianjin and built a railway from themine to the ports. For the efficiency of transportation,10 bridges were built on the river. The location of thebridges was decided by Tang Tingshu and the bridgeswere named by Li Hongzhang.
The raw coal produced by the colliery was mainlysold to the Beiyang Navy,the Tianjin MachineryBureau,the Shipping Investment Inviting Bureau ofTianjin and Shanghai. At the same time,large quantityof coal was sold to the public to make great money tothe bureau. It was one of the successful and profitablemines at that time during the westernization movement. Itprovided natural resources to the industrial developmentin Tianjin. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,nearly all the mines but Kaiping Coal Mine got bankruptand closed.
For many years,foreign invaders had coveted thecoal mine for its fine quality of coal and large quantityin deposit. During the Gengzi Event in 1900,HerbertHoover,who became the 31st President of the UnitedStates later,conspired with Dertring to get the coal mineof Kaiping and its affiliated cement factory through a"Takeover Agreement" from Zhang Yi,the then directorof Kaiping Coal Mine. The colliery was diddled bythe British businessmen. Hoover arrived in Tianjinin 1899 as an engineer of Kaiping Coal Mine and therepresentative of Volink Company in China.
In 1907,Zhou Xuexi initiated the Luanzhou CoalMine Company under the supervision of the government.On June 1,1912,the Kaiping and Luanzhou Coal Minesreached an agreement of merger in Tianjin. On July 1,the Kailuan Coal Mining Bureau was co-established byChina and Britain in Tianjin. The Tangshan Cement Plantwas bought back and Tangshan Qixin Lime Factory was established.

·原開(kāi)灤礦務(wù)局大樓